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GNDU Question Paper-2023

BCA 3

Semester

INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 75

Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The

Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION-A

1.(a) Discuss the different ways to run a Python Program. Explain

(b) Define literals, variables and identifiers used for Python programs.

2.(a) How to create a dictionary and explain its different operations ? Elaborate how to

iterate over a dictionary.

(b) Explain the usage of logical operator by writing Python program

SECTION-B

3.(a) Write a Python program to find the largest of three numbers using if-else control

structure.

(b) What is meant by recursion? Write a program to find factorial of a number using

recursion.

4.(a) Differentiate Iteration and Recursion using examples.

(b) Explain the concept of importing the Python module.

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SECTION-C

5. (a) Write a Python program to read text from a text-file.

(b) Differentiate write() and writeline() functions.

6.(a) Write a Python code to find area of a rectangle by using features of object oriented

programming.

(b) What is the significance of inheritance? Explain.

SECTION-D

7. Discuss the steps to make SQL database connection using Python with an example.

8. Explain the following concepts by taking suitable examples:

(a) Insert and update command

(b) Data modelling.

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GNDU Answer Paper-2023

BCA 3

Semester

INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 75

Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The

Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION-A

1.(a) Discuss the different ways to run a Python Program. Explain

(b) Define literals, variables and identifiers used for Python programs.

Ans:(a). Imagine Python is like a magical spellbook, and you’re a wizard! You have different

ways to cast your Python spells (run your Python programs). Can you describe these magical

methods so that other wizards (students) can easily remember them?

(Examination Purpose, Theoretical, Fun & Simple)

Python is a versatile programming language, and there are several ways to run Python

programs. Think of it as different "magical portals" you can use to execute your Python

spells. Let’s explore each method like chapters in a story.

1. Running Python in the Interactive Shell (REPL Mode)

The Magical Wand Approach

The Python Interactive Shell is like a magic wand you wave to see instant results. REPL

stands for Read-Eval-Print Loop, which means:

1. Read: Python reads your spell (code).

2. Evaluate: It processes (evaluates) the spell.

3. Print: It shows the result of the spell instantly.

How to Use

• Open your terminal or command prompt.

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• Type python or python3 and hit enter.

• Now, type your Python code line by line and see the magic!

Example

Python

This method is perfect for testing small spells (short codes) and learning how Python works.

2. Running Python Scripts (File Mode)

The Spell Scroll Approach

Sometimes, wizards write long spells on scrolls to cast them later. Similarly, Python

programs can be saved in files with the extension .py (like magic.py) and executed.

How to Use

• Write your Python code in a text editor or an Integrated Development Environment

(IDE) like VS Code or PyCharm.

• Save the file with a .py extension.

• Open your terminal, navigate to the file’s location, and type:

For example:

Why Use This Method?

• Perfect for longer spells (programs).

• You can reuse the spell whenever you want.

3. Using an IDE (Integrated Development Environment)

The Wizard’s Tower Approach

An IDE is like a wizard’s tower—it's a dedicated space for writing, testing, and debugging

your Python spells. Popular IDEs include PyCharm, VS Code, IDLE, and Jupyter Notebook.

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Features

• Code highlighting for better visibility.

• Debugging tools to fix spell errors.

• Auto-completion to save typing effort.

How to Use

• Install an IDE (e.g., PyCharm or VS Code).

• Open your .py file in the IDE.

• Click the Run button (or press the run shortcut).

Example

If you’re using IDLE:

1. Write your code in the editor.

2. Save it.

3. Press F5 or click Run Module.

4. Running Python Programs in Jupyter Notebook

The Wizard's Spellbook Approach

Jupyter Notebook is like an interactive spellbook. It allows you to write code, run it, and see

the output immediately, all in one place.

How to Use

1. Install Jupyter Notebook (pip install notebook).

2. Start the notebook by typing:

3. A browser window will open. You can write your Python spells in cells and run them

one by one.

Why Use This Method?

• Ideal for data analysis and machine learning wizards.

• Allows combining Python code with text and images for beautiful presentations.

5. Using Python with Text Editors

The Quill and Ink Approach

You can use lightweight text editors like Notepad (Windows) or nano (Linux) to write Python

code. Save the file with .py extension and run it using the command line.

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How to Use

• Write your code in the text editor.

• Save it as filename.py.

• Open the terminal, go to the file’s location, and type:

Why Use This Method?

• Simple and lightweight.

• Great for beginners who don’t want to use an IDE yet.

6. Running Python Code Online

The Cloud Magic Approach

Sometimes, wizards prefer to work in the clouds! Online platforms like Google Colab, Replit,

or CodeSandbox allow you to write and run Python code without installing anything.

How to Use

1. Go to an online Python compiler like Google Colab.

2. Write your code in the provided editor.

3. Run the code by clicking the play button.

Why Use This Method?

• No need to install Python on your system.

• Ideal for quick testing and collaborative spells.

7. Using Python with Task Automation (Batch Files)

The Automatic Spellcaster Approach

Wizards often automate repetitive spells. You can create a batch file to execute your Python

script automatically.

How to Use

1. Write your Python script (e.g., auto_spell.py).

2. Create a batch file (run_spell.bat) with the following content:

3. Double-click the batch file to run the script.

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Why Use This Method?

• Useful for automation and scheduled tasks.

• Saves time and effort.

8. Embedding Python Code in Other Programs

The Hidden Spell Approach

Sometimes wizards hide spells in other objects. Similarly, Python code can be embedded

within C, C++, or other programming languages. Tools like CPython allow integration.

Why Use This Method?

• For advanced projects requiring Python as a secondary tool.

9. Using Python for Web Development

The Web Wizard’s Approach

Frameworks like Django and Flask allow wizards to use Python for creating magical web

applications.

How to Use

• Install Django/Flask (pip install django).

• Write your web app code.

• Run the server and see your magic in the browser.

Comparison of Methods

Method

Best For

Ease of Use

Interactive Shell

Quick testing and learning

Very Easy

Python Scripts (File)

Longer programs and reuse

Easy

IDE

Writing, testing, debugging complex programs

Moderate

Jupyter Notebook

Data analysis, presentations

Moderate

Text Editors

Simple, lightweight coding

Easy

Online Platforms

No installation, collaborative coding

Very Easy

Batch Files

Automation and scheduling

Moderate

Embedded Python

Advanced integrations

Hard

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Conclusion

Running Python programs is like choosing the right tool for your spell. Whether you’re

testing a quick idea, writing a full-fledged program, or analyzing data, Python offers a

method for every wizard! By mastering these techniques, you’ll be prepared for any magical

(or programming) challenge.

(b). Define literals, variables and identifiers used for Python programs.

Ans: The Fun Story of Literals, Variables, and Identifiers in Python

Imagine you’re a magician learning to code in Python. Your magical world has three key

characters who help you work wonders in your program:

1. Literals – The Ready-Made Spell Ingredients

Literals are like the ingredients of your magical potion that are ready to use. They are fixed

values that don’t change while your program runs. For example:

• Numbers: 5, 10.5, or -20. These are numerical literals.

• Words or Phrases: “Magic,” or ‘Python is fun!’ These are string literals.

• True or False: The truth of your spells is in boolean literals: True or False.

• Empty Cauldron: Sometimes, you don’t need anything, so you use the None literal.

Think of literals as the basic building blocks for your magic spells in coding.

2. Variables – The Magical Containers

Variables are your magic bags or containers where you store the ingredients (literals) to use

them later. A variable holds a value that you can change or reuse.

Rules for Variables:

• You give your variable a name, like naming your pet owl. For example:

o wand = "Elder Wand" (Here, wand is a variable storing the literal "Elder

Wand")

o mana = 100 (Here, mana is storing the number 100)

• You can change the value inside a variable anytime, like switching potions in your

magic bag:

Python

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Why Use Variables?

Variables make your magic flexible. Instead of rewriting the same spell, you store a value in

one place and use it wherever needed.

3. Identifiers – The Names of Your Magical Tools

Identifiers are the names you give to your variables, functions, or other things in your code.

They must follow some rules, like the laws of magic:

Rules for Identifiers:

1. They can only have letters (a-z, A-Z), numbers (0-9), and underscores (_).

o Right: magic_spell, wand_1

o Wrong: 1wand, magic-spell (cannot start with a number or have special

characters like -)

2. They can’t use reserved Python words (these are magical commands already defined

by Python).

o Reserved words include: if, else, while, for, True, False, etc.

3. They are case-sensitive (Python cares about uppercase and lowercase):

o Mana and mana are different.

Examples of Identifiers:

• For variables: mana, spell_count

• For functions: cast_spell(), brew_potion()

The Full Picture

Here’s how it all works together in your Python magic:

1. Use literals (the ingredients) to create values.

2. Store these values in variables (the containers).

3. Name your variables and other things in your code using identifiers (the labels).

Example Program: Magical Python

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Key Definitions for Exams

Literals:

Literals are fixed values used in Python programs, such as numbers, text, or logical values.

Examples include:

• Numerical literals: 10, -3.5

• String literals: "Python", 'Hello'

• Boolean literals: True, False

• Special literal: None

Variables:

Variables are named containers in Python used to store data values. The value of a variable

can change during program execution. For example:

Python

Identifiers:

Identifiers are names used to identify variables, functions, or other elements in a Python

program. They must follow these rules:

• Can include letters, digits, and underscores but cannot start with a digit.

• Cannot use reserved keywords.

• Are case-sensitive.

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2.(a) How to create a dictionary and explain its different operations ? Elaborate how to

iterate over a dictionary.

(b) Explain the usage of logical operator by writing Python program

Ans:(a). Simplified and Fun Version of the Question:

Imagine you’re a wizard creating a magical spellbook (dictionary) with magical words (keys)

and their spells (values). How do you create this spellbook, and what can you do with it?

Also, how would you read each magical word and its spell from the spellbook?

In programming, a dictionary in Python is like a magical spellbook. It stores key-value pairs,

where the key is the word, and the value is the spell it performs. Let’s dive into how to

create and use this spellbook.

1. Creating a Dictionary:

To create a dictionary, you use curly braces {} and separate keys and values with a colon :.

For example:

Python

Here:

• Keys: "Lumos", "Alohomora", "Expecto Patronum"

• Values: "Light up the room", "Open a locked door", "Summon a guardian"

2. Operations on a Dictionary:

Just like any wizard has tools to manage their spellbook, Python provides various operations

to work with dictionaries. Let’s explore these magical operations.

(a) Accessing Spells (Values):

To look up a spell, you use its magical word (key):

Python

If the key doesn’t exist, it raises an error. To avoid errors, you can use the get() method:

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Python

(b) Adding New Spells:

You can add a new spell to your spellbook by assigning a new key-value pair:

Python

If you want to modify an existing spell:

Python

(d) Removing Spells:

You can remove spells from the spellbook using:

1. del keyword:

Python

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2. pop() method:

Python

(e) Checking for a Spell:

To check if a spell exists:

Python

(f) Viewing All Spells:

You can view:

1. All magical words (keys):

Python

2. All spells (values):

Python

3. All magical words and their spells (key-value pairs):

Python

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3. Iterating Over the Spellbook:

You might want to read all the spells in the spellbook one by one. Python allows you to

iterate over dictionaries using loops:

(a) Iterating Over Keys:

Python

(b) Iterating Over Values:

Python

4. Other Magical Methods:

Here are a few more tools to manage your spellbook:

(a) Clearing the Spellbook:

To remove all spells:

Python

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(b) Copying the Spellbook:

To make a duplicate:

Python

To merge two spellbooks:

Python

Summary of Dictionary Operations:

Operation

Method/Example

Create a dictionary

spellbook = {key: value}

Access value by key

spellbook["key"] or spellbook.get("key")

Add a new key-value pair

spellbook["new_key"] = value

Update an existing value

spellbook["key"] = new_value

Remove a key-value pair

del spellbook["key"] or spellbook.pop("key")

Check if key exists

"key" in spellbook

View all keys

spellbook.keys()

View all values

spellbook.values()

View all key-value pairs

spellbook.items()

Iterate over dictionary

for key, value in spellbook.items(): print(key, value)

Clear all entries

spellbook.clear()

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Operation

Method/Example

Copy a dictionary

new_spellbook = spellbook.copy()

Merge dictionaries

spellbook.update(extra_spells)

Why is a Dictionary Useful?

A dictionary is one of the most powerful tools in Python:

1. Fast Access: It allows you to quickly look up values using keys.

2. Organized Storage: It stores data in pairs, making it easy to relate items.

3. Versatile: It supports various operations like addition, deletion, and iteration.

Conclusion:

Think of a dictionary as your magical spellbook. With it, you can store and manage your

spells (data) efficiently.

(b) Explain the usage of logical operator by writing Python program

Ans: Once upon a time in Python Land: The Story of Logical Operators

Imagine you’re in a magical land called Python. In this land, there are three wise operators

who love to solve mysteries and answer tough yes-or-no questions. These operators are

named AND, OR, and NOT. Each of them has a unique personality and way of working. Let’s

learn their stories and see how they help Python programmers in their adventures.

1. Meet the Logical Operators

AND: The Team Player

AND loves when everyone agrees. If even one person disagrees, AND gets upset and says,

“No!”

• AND’s Rule:

o If both conditions are true, AND says True.

o If any condition is false, AND says False.

OR: The Easygoing Friend

OR is very chill and says, “I’m happy as long as one person agrees.” OR doesn’t care if some

people disagree, as long as at least one condition is true.

• OR’s Rule:

o If at least one condition is true, OR says True.

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o Only if all conditions are false, OR says False.

NOT: The Opposite Thinker

NOT loves to flip things around. If you tell NOT something is true, NOT will say, “Nope, it’s

false!” If you say something is false, NOT will say, “Actually, it’s true!”

• NOT’s Rule:

o If the condition is True, NOT makes it False.

o If the condition is False, NOT makes it True.

2. Logical Operators in Action

Let’s take an example of a magical gate in Python Land. This gate opens only when certain

conditions are met. Let’s write a Python program to see how AND, OR, and NOT work in

different scenarios.

Python Program

Python

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3. Understanding the Output

AND Example

• Condition: is_rainy and has_umbrella

• If both is_rainy is True and has_umbrella is True, the output is:

"You can go out safely!"

• If either one is False, the output is:

"Stay inside or you'll get wet!"

OR Example

• Condition: is_rainy or has_umbrella

• If either is_rainy or has_umbrella is True, the output is:

"You might be okay going out."

• If both are False, the output is:

"No rain or umbrella, you're fine!"

NOT Example

• Condition: not is_rainy

• If is_rainy is True, not is_rainy becomes False, so the output is:

"It's raining, better check your umbrella."

• If is_rainy is False, not is_rainy becomes True, so the output is:

"It's not raining, enjoy your day!"

4. Logical Operators as Gatekeepers

To understand better, think of these operators as gatekeepers for decisions:

• AND: "Only let people in if everyone agrees."

• OR: "Let people in if at least one agrees."

• NOT: "Reverse whatever the person says."

5. Theoretical Explanation for Exams

Definition of Logical Operators

Logical operators in Python are used to combine conditional statements. They include:

1. AND: Returns True if both statements are true.

2. OR: Returns True if at least one statement is true.

3. NOT: Reverses the logical state of its operand.

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Usage

• AND: Ensures multiple conditions are met simultaneously.

• OR: Allows flexibility by requiring at least one condition to be true.

• NOT: Negates or reverses the truth value of a condition.

Syntax and Truth Table

Operator

Expression

Result

AND

True and True

True

True and False

False

True or False

True

False or False

False

NOT

not True

False

not False

True

Conclusion

Logical operators like AND, OR, and NOT are the building blocks for decision-making in

Python. By understanding how they work, you can make your programs smarter and solve

complex problems efficiently.

SECTION-B

3.(a) Write a Python program to find the largest of three numbers using if-else control

structure.

(b) What is meant by recursion? Write a program to find factorial of a number using

recursion.

Ans:(a). The Three Friends Competing for the Biggest Prize

Once upon a time, there were three friends: Alex, Ben, and Cathy. One day, they were

competing in a contest to see who was the tallest among them. The winner would get a

shiny golden star 󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹. They decided to ask a smart robot, Python, to help them figure it out.

The robot, Python, said, "I'll use my superpower called the if-else control structure to decide

the tallest among you three!"

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What Did Python Do?

The robot explained:

1. First, I'll take the heights of Alex, Ben, and Cathy.

2. Next, I will compare Alex's height with Ben's. If Alex is taller than Ben, I'll then

compare Alex with Cathy to check if Alex is still the tallest.

3. If Alex isn't the tallest, I'll check if Ben is taller than Cathy.

4. Finally, if neither Alex nor Ben wins, Cathy must be the tallest.

Everyone was excited to see how Python would solve this.

The Python Solution

Here is how Python, the robot, wrote the solution in its language:

Python

Breaking It Down in Simple Steps

1. Input Heights:

o First, Python asks for the heights of Alex, Ben, and Cathy using the input()

function.

o It converts those heights to numbers (float) because heights can have

decimals, like 5.8 feet.

2. Compare Heights:

o Python uses if to check if Alex's height is greater than both Ben's and Cathy's.

o If Alex wins, it announces Alex as the tallest.

3. Use of elif:

o If Alex isn't the tallest, Python checks if Ben is taller than Cathy.

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o If Ben wins, it announces Ben as the tallest.

4. The else:

o If neither Alex nor Ben is the tallest, Cathy is the winner by default.

o Python announces Cathy as the tallest.

Why Use the If-Else Structure?

Python chose the if-else structure because it’s like making decisions:

• If something is true, do this.

• Else if that’s not true but another condition is true, do this.

• Else do something else.

This step-by-step checking ensures Python always finds the correct answer.

What If Everyone Had the Same Height?

Python is very smart, but what happens if Alex, Ben, and Cathy are all the same height? Let’s

extend the story:

1. If all three friends had the same height, Python would treat any of them as the tallest

since the comparison doesn’t account for equality.

2. To fix this, Python can add a new rule:

Python

Why This Approach is Simple and Logical

• Step-by-Step Comparisons: Python looks at one condition at a time, like a fair judge.

• Handles Every Case: Whether one person is tallest, two are equal, or all three are

equal, Python can handle it.

• Easy to Read: The code is simple and uses natural language-like logic (if, else).

Example Output

Let’s see how this works in real life.

Case 1: Alex = 5.9, Ben = 6.0, Cathy = 5.8

• Python checks:

o Is Alex taller than Ben and Cathy? No.

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o Is Ben taller than Cathy? Yes.

o So, Ben is the tallest.

Case 2: Alex = 5.7, Ben = 5.7, Cathy = 5.7

• Python checks:

o Are all heights equal? Yes.

o So, Everyone is the same height.

Theoretical Explanation

The if-else control structure is a fundamental part of programming. It works by:

1. Checking conditions using if statements.

2. Adding extra checks using elif (short for "else if").

3. Providing a default action using else.

In this case, the program uses a combination of logical operators (and, >) and the if-else

structure to find the largest of the three numbers. This method ensures clarity and

correctness in decision-making.

Summary

Just like Python helped Alex, Ben, and Cathy find the tallest among them, the if-else

structure helps programmers solve problems logically.

(b) What is meant by recursion? Write a program to find factorial of a number using

recursion.

Ans: The Tale of Little Recursor and the Factorial Forest

Once upon a time in the land of Programmingland, there was a young wizard named Little

Recursor. He was known for solving problems in a unique way—by asking for help from his

younger self. Sounds strange, right? Well, that's the magic of recursion!

Little Recursor lived near a magical forest called the Factorial Forest. This forest had a

peculiar rule: To cross it, you had to calculate something called the factorial of a number.

Let’s explore what that means and how Little Recursor did it.

What is Recursion?

Recursion is a magical trick where a problem is solved by breaking it into smaller versions of

itself. Think of it like a mirror reflecting another mirror, creating a smaller and smaller

reflection until it becomes just a dot. In programming terms, recursion happens when a

function calls itself to solve a problem.

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What is a Factorial?

The factorial of a number is the product of all positive integers from 1 to that number.

Mathematically, it’s written as:

n!=n×(n−1)×(n−2)×⋯×1n

For example:

• 5!=5×4×3×2×1=120

• 4!=4×3×2×1=24

• 1!=1

The factorial of 0 (0!0!0!) is always 1. (This is a special rule decided by the great wizards of

mathematics.)

How Little Recursor Solves It

Whenever Little Recursor needed to calculate a factorial, he used recursion. Here’s how he

thought:

1. If the number is 1 or 0, he immediately knows the answer is 1. This is called the base

case—the simplest version of the problem that doesn’t need any further

calculations.

2. For any other number nnn, he says:

o "I don’t need to calculate everything myself!"

o "I’ll just multiply nnn by the factorial of n−1n-1n−1, and let my younger self

handle n−1n-1n−1."

3. His younger self does the same thing, breaking the problem down further until it

reaches the base case.

The Program

Let’s write a simple program to see how Little Recursor calculates the factorial using

recursion. The code looks like this:

Python

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Step-by-Step Explanation

Let’s say Little Recursor needs to calculate 5!5!5!. Here’s how the program works:

1. Step 1: The function starts with n=5n = 5n=5.

o It checks: Is n=0n = 0 or 1n=1? No.

o So, it returns 5×factorial(4)

2. Step 2: Now the function is called for n=4n.

o It checks: Is n=0 or n=1? No.

o So, it returns 4×factorial(3)

3. Step 3: Now the function is called for n=3.

o It checks: Is n=0 or n=1? No.

o So, it returns 3×factorial(2)

4. Step 4: Now the function is called for n=2 .

o It checks: Is n=0 or n=1? No.

o So, it returns 2×factorial(1)

5. Step 5: Now the function is called for n=1.

o It checks: Is n=0 or n=1? Yes!

o It returns 1 (the base case).

6. Step 6: The results flow back:

o factorial(2)=2×1=2

o factorial(3)=3×2=6

o factorial(4)=4×6=24

o factorial(5)=5×24=120

So, the final answer is 5!=120.

Why is Recursion Magical?

• It reduces big problems into smaller ones, making complex calculations easier.

• The code is often shorter and cleaner compared to writing loops.

A Note of Caution

Recursion is powerful, but it has limits:

1. If the base case is not defined, the function will keep calling itself forever, causing an

error (called a stack overflow).

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2. For very large numbers, recursion can be inefficient and use up a lot of memory.

Why is Factorial Important?

Factorials are used in:

• Mathematics: Permutations and combinations.

• Physics: Quantum mechanics.

• Computer Science: Algorithms and data structures.

4.(a) Differentiate Iteration and Recursion using examples.

(b) Explain the concept of importing the Python module.

Ans:(a). The Maze and the Staircase

Imagine you’re a problem solver, and your task is to help a little robot escape a maze or

climb a staircase. You have two approaches: Iteration (walking step by step) and Recursion

(calling for help from smaller versions of yourself).

Iteration: Step-by-Step Journey

In iteration, you solve the problem step by step. It’s like helping the robot walk through the

maze or climb the staircase, one step at a time, following a straightforward plan.

• The Robot's Plan:

o Walk one step.

o Check if you’ve reached the end of the maze or staircase.

o If not, keep going.

• Code Example (Climbing Stairs):

Python

• Key Features:

1. Uses a loop (like for or while).

2. Moves forward until the problem is solved.

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3. Simple and efficient for repetitive tasks.

4. Saves memory because it doesn’t need to remember past steps.

Recursion: Calling for Help

In recursion, the robot calls for help from a smaller robot (a copy of itself) to solve part of

the problem. Each smaller robot does the same until the problem becomes so tiny that it’s

easy to solve.

• The Robot's Plan:

o Call a smaller robot to solve a simpler version of the problem.

o Wait until the smaller robot finishes.

o Combine the results to solve the big problem.

• Code Example (Climbing Stairs):

Python

• Key Features:

1. Calls the same function again and again with smaller inputs.

2. Requires a base case to stop (like the robot reaching the last step).

3. Useful for problems that naturally break into smaller sub-problems.

4. Uses more memory because it keeps track of each smaller robot's progress.

Comparing Iteration and Recursion: Theoretical Explanation

Feature

Iteration

Recursion

Definition

Repeating a set of

instructions.

Solving a problem by breaking it into

smaller sub-problems.

How It Works

Uses loops like for or while.

Calls itself with smaller inputs.

Example

Problem

Walking through a list step

by step.

Breaking a problem like factorial into

smaller parts.

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Feature

Iteration

Recursion

Memory Use

Efficient, uses less memory.

Uses more memory due to multiple

function calls.

Base Case

Not needed.

Always needs a base case to stop.

Use Cases

Iterating over lists, arrays, or

numbers.

Tree traversal, divide-and-conquer

problems like merge sort.

Fun Example to Remember:

• Iteration is like climbing stairs yourself, one step at a time, with a clear plan.

• Recursion is like asking your younger sibling to climb a smaller set of stairs and

report back when they’re done.

When to Use What?

• Use iteration when the problem is simple and involves a clear sequence of steps (like

printing numbers from 1 to 10).

• Use recursion when the problem can be naturally divided into smaller problems (like

calculating factorials or solving a puzzle).

Summary

Both iteration and recursion are ways to solve problems in programming. While iteration is

straightforward and efficient, recursion is a powerful tool for complex problems that require

breaking things down. Always choose the method that fits the problem best!

(b) Explain the concept of importing the Python module.

Ans:(b). Imagine you're a carpenter building a treehouse. You need a hammer, nails, and a

saw to do your job. Instead of creating these tools from scratch every time, you grab them

from your toolbox. Similarly, in Python, when you're working on a coding project and need

certain functionalities (like math calculations or file handling), you don’t have to write those

functionalities from scratch. Instead, you import a module, which is like grabbing a specific

tool from a pre-made toolbox.

What is a Python Module?

A module in Python is simply a file that contains Python code—definitions, functions,

variables, or classes—that you can use in your program. Python comes with many pre-built

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modules, and you can even create your own. Modules help organize and reuse code, making

programming more efficient and less repetitive.

Why Import Modules?

Imagine the world without pre-made tools. If you wanted to cut wood, you'd need to invent

a saw. Programming without modules would be just like that—time-consuming and hard.

Modules let you use existing tools so you can focus on solving your problem instead of

reinventing the wheel.

For example:

• Want to do math? Use the math module.

• Want to generate random numbers? Use the random module.

• Need to work with dates? Use the datetime module.

By importing these modules, you unlock a treasure chest of pre-built functionality!

How to Import Modules?

Here are the common ways to import a module, explained like different ways to open your

toolbox:

1. Import the Whole Toolbox

Python

This imports the entire math module. Now, whenever you need a tool (like sqrt for square

root), you can grab it using math.sqrt(9).

2. Bring a Specific Tool from the Toolbox

Python

This imports just the sqrt function from the math module. Now you can use sqrt(9) directly

without typing math.sqrt(9).

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3. Rename Your Toolbox

Python

This imports the math module but lets you call it m instead of math. Now you can use

m.sqrt(9), which is shorter to type.

4. Bring All Tools, But Use Caution

Python

This imports everything from the math module into your program. While convenient, it can

sometimes cause confusion if two modules have tools (functions) with the same name.

Examples to Illustrate Importing

Let’s dive into some examples:

1. Importing and Using a Module

Python

Here, you’re using the sqrt function from the math module to calculate the square root of

16.

2. Importing Specific Functions

Python

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In this example, only the randint function is imported from the random module. You don’t

need to type random.randint.

3. Renaming a Module

Python

Here, the datetime module is renamed to dt to make your code shorter and more readable.

Key Points to Remember

1. Efficiency: Importing modules saves time by letting you use pre-written, tested code.

2. Readability: Using modules makes your code cleaner and easier to understand.

3. Reusability: You can create your own modules to organize your code and use it

across multiple projects.

4. Flexibility: Python gives you options to import what you need in a way that suits

your style and needs.

Creating Your Own Module

You can also make your own toolbox! Let’s say you have a file named mytools.py with the

following code:

Python

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Now, in another Python file, you can import and use this module:

Python

Modules in Real Life

Think of popular apps like Instagram or YouTube. Their codebase likely uses numerous

modules for tasks like processing images, handling user data, or showing videos. Importing

modules allows developers to add functionality quickly and focus on building unique

features rather than rewriting common tasks.

Fun Analogy: Modules as Superheroes

Imagine each module as a superhero with special powers:

• The math module is like a genius mathematician.

• The random module is a magician pulling random rabbits out of hats.

• The datetime module is a time traveler.

When you import a module, you’re calling a superhero to help with your project!

Summary

• What is a module? A Python file containing reusable code.

• Why use modules? They save time, make coding easier, and reduce errors.

• How to import them? Use import, from ... import, or as for renaming.

By importing modules, you’re not just writing code—you’re assembling a team of tools and

superheroes to make your coding journey faster, better, and way more fun. So, next time

you sit down to code, think of modules as your trusty toolbox filled with magical tools ready

to bring your ideas to life.

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SECTION-C

5. (a) Write a Python program to read text from a text-file.

(b) Differentiate write() and writeline() functions.

Ans:(a). Imagine you're a librarian in a magical library. In this library, each book is a text file

stored in your computer. Your task is to open one of these magical books and read what's

written inside. Then, share what you find with your curious friends. How would you use

Python, the magical programming wand, to make this happen?

Explanation:

Python is like a friendly helper for tasks involving text files. A text file is a simple document

where you can store plain text, like a story, a list of items, or even data for a program.

Python can easily open, read, and process these files for you. Let's walk through the steps of

opening a file and reading its content, imagining we're exploring our magical library.

Step 1: What Is a Text File?

Think of a text file as a scroll. Inside the scroll, there are words written line by line. The

computer stores these scrolls in a format we can open and understand. Text files usually

have extensions like .txt.

For example:

This is what a simple text file might look like. It has three lines of text.

Step 2: Tools in Python to Work with Text Files

Python has built-in tools to work with text files. You don't need to install anything extra. The

main commands we'll use are:

• open(): This opens the file.

• read(): This reads the content of the file.

• close(): This closes the file after reading.

Step 3: Writing a Python Program to Read a Text File

Here’s how you, the librarian, can use Python to read your magical books. Let’s write a

simple program.

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Python

Step 4: Let’s Break Down the Program

1. Opening the File

o open("magical_library.txt", "r"):

This command opens a file named magical_library.txt in read mode ("r"). If

the file doesn’t exist, Python will throw an error.

2. Reading the File

o file.read():

This command reads everything inside the file. It collects all the text and

stores it in a variable called content.

3. Printing the Content

o print(content):

This prints the text from the file on the screen. Imagine showing the scroll’s

content to your curious friends.

4. Closing the File

o file.close():

This command politely tells Python, "I’m done reading the book, you can

close it now." It’s important to close files to free up resources.

Step 5: Making It Even Simpler with with

Python has a more magical way of working with files. It’s called the with statement. This

way, you don’t need to manually close the file. Python does it for you.

Here’s the improved version:

Python

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This is shorter and safer. The file automatically closes once you finish reading.

Bonus: Reading Line by Line

Sometimes, the scroll is very long, and you only want to read it one line at a time. Python

can help with that too.

Python

Step 6: Creating Your Own Magical Scroll (Text File)

If you want to create your own text file, you can use a text editor like Notepad (on

Windows) or TextEdit (on Mac). Save the file with a .txt extension, like magical_library.txt.

For example:

Why Do We Use Files in Programming?

1. Storing Data: Text files are a simple way to store data that you might need later.

2. Sharing Information: Files can be shared between programs or people.

3. Keeping Logs: Programs often use files to keep a record of events or errors.

Conclusion

With Python, you can unlock the secrets of your magical library, read scrolls, and share their

stories. The power of file handling in Python is an essential skill for any programmer.

Whether you're working on a project, managing data, or just having fun with text files,

Python makes it easy and enjoyable.

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(b) Differentiate write() and writeline() functions.

Ans:(b). Once upon a time in a land of computers, there were two friendly little helpers who

lived in the world of programming: write() and writeline(). They were both great at helping

programmers save and display information, but they each had their own unique ways of

doing things. Let's take a journey into their world to understand what makes them special,

and how they differ from each other!

The Beginning: Who Are Write() and Writeline()?

Before we dive into their differences, let’s meet these two helpers:

1. write() is like a quiet, thoughtful helper. It doesn’t speak much; it just writes

whatever you tell it to, and it does so without adding anything extra. When you give

write() some information to save, it simply writes that information exactly as you’ve

told it—no extra space, no new lines, just pure, simple writing.

2. writeline(), on the other hand, is a bit more expressive. This helper writes your

information just like write(), but after doing so, it adds a special “new line” at the

end. Imagine writeline() as someone who writes something and then adds a little

period to finish it off, creating a neat separation between each piece of information.

Now, let’s explore the differences between write() and writeline() in more detail, just like

we would in a fun story!

Chapter 1: The Tale of Write()

Once upon a time, write() lived in a world where precision and control were important.

Programmers, who were always in a hurry, loved write() because it allowed them to be very

specific about how things were written.

Imagine you’re writing a letter. You want to write three sentences, but you don’t want the

computer to move to the next line after each one. You want it all to appear on the same

line, just like writing a long sentence without pressing "Enter" after each one.

This is exactly what write() does. If you tell write() to write “Hello” and then “world,” it will

print them side by side, without any extra spaces or new lines.

Python

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In the example above, write() writes “Hello” and “world!” together on the same line in the

file "example.txt". You won’t see any extra space between them, nor will it move to a new

line after the text is written.

This is a great feature when you want to control exactly how your text is laid out, like when

you’re working on a small part of a larger project and need things to be just the way you

want them.

Chapter 2: The Adventures of Writeline()

Now, let’s switch gears and meet writeline(). Imagine writeline() is like a writer who loves to

keep things tidy. After writing each piece of information, it automatically moves the text to

a new line. It’s like when you’re typing an email and hit "Enter" after each paragraph, so the

text is neatly separated.

Here’s an example:

Python

When writeline() writes “Hello” and “world!”, it adds a new line after each word. This means

you’ll get something like this in the file:

The big difference here is that writeline() takes care of the spacing for you. It’s perfect when

you want to ensure that each new piece of information is on its own line, without needing

to manually add extra characters like \n.

Chapter 3: The Key Difference: Space and Newlines

Let’s go deeper into the big question: What’s the key difference between write() and

writeline()?

• write() does not add a new line or any extra spaces after writing. It writes exactly

what you tell it, and it keeps everything on the same line.

• writeline() adds a new line after each write, automatically moving the cursor to the

next line after writing the text.

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In simple terms, if you want your text to appear all in one line, use write(). But if you want

each piece of information to be on a separate line, writeline() is your friend.

Chapter 4: When to Use Write() and When to Use Writeline()

Now that we understand what each helper does, let’s look at when you’d want to use them.

Choosing between write() and writeline() depends on how you want your output to look!

1. Use write() when:

o You want everything to be on one line.

o You need full control over where the text appears.

o You want to write multiple pieces of information together on the same line

without adding extra spaces or lines.

Example: Let’s say you want to create a shopping list on one line:

Python

In this case, write() will place everything on the same line in the file, so your shopping list

looks like this:

2. Use writeline() when:

o You want each piece of information on its own line.

o You’re working with data where each entry needs to be separated neatly, like

a list or log file.

o You want things to be automatically organized without needing to manually

add new lines.

Example: Let’s say you want to create a list of to-dos, each on its own line:

Python

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This will result in:

Chapter 5: The Final Verdict: Which One Should You Choose?

Now that we’ve heard the stories of write() and writeline(), it’s clear that they each have

their own strengths and are best suited for different tasks. Here’s a quick summary:

• write() is for when you want full control and precision. It writes your text exactly as

you tell it, without adding anything extra. It’s perfect for writing things on the same

line.

• writeline() is for when you want each piece of information to appear on its own line.

It’s great for creating clean and organized lists or logs.

Both write() and writeline() are simple, helpful functions that can make your work in

programming easier and more efficient. Just remember: If you need a neat, organized list,

go with writeline(). If you want everything together, choose write()!

Conclusion

So, whether you are a programmer writing data to a file or just someone trying to

understand the magic of computers, write() and writeline() are your trusty helpers. They

might seem small, but they can make a big difference in how you organize your information.

The next time you sit down to write code, remember their personalities, and choose the

right one for the job! Happy coding, and may your lines be neat and your files well-

organized!

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6.(a) Write a Python code to find area of a rectangle by using features of object oriented

programming.

(b) What is the significance of inheritance? Explain.

Ans:(a). Simple and Fun Explanation of Finding the Area of a Rectangle Using Object-

Oriented Programming (OOP)

Imagine there’s a little programmer named Alex. Alex loves shapes, especially rectangles!

One day, Alex was walking in the park and thought, “Wouldn’t it be cool if I could teach my

computer to calculate the area of a rectangle for me?”

Alex knew about something called Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). It’s like giving your

computer the ability to think about things (like rectangles) as little "objects" that have

properties and actions. Alex decided to use this magical concept to solve the rectangle area

problem.

The Basics of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Before we jump into Alex's solution, let's understand what OOP is in simple terms:

1. Class: Think of a class as a blueprint. For example, if you’re building houses, you first

create a blueprint that tells you how the house should look.

2. Object: An object is a real-life thing made using the blueprint. If the class is the

blueprint, then an object is the actual house.

3. Attributes: These are the properties of the object. For a rectangle, attributes could

be its length and width.

4. Methods: These are the actions or things the object can do. For a rectangle, a

method could be calculating its area.

So, Alex thought, "Let’s create a class for rectangles, give it attributes (length and width),

and a method to calculate the area!"

Alex's Step-by-Step Plan

1. Create a Class: Alex started by creating a rectangle blueprint called Rectangle.

2. Add Attributes: Alex added properties for the rectangle: length and width.

3. Add a Method: Alex wrote a special function (method) to calculate the rectangle’s

area by multiplying length and width.

4. Make Objects: Alex then used the Rectangle class to make actual rectangle objects

and calculate their areas.

The Python Code

Here’s what Alex’s code looked like:

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Python

How This Code Works (Step-by-Step Breakdown)

Let’s break the code down into bite-sized pieces so it’s easier to understand:

1. class Rectangle:

o This is the blueprint for all rectangles.

o It tells Python how to define a rectangle’s attributes and methods.

2. __init__ Method:

o This is a special method in Python. It runs automatically when you create a

new rectangle object.

o Inside this method, we define the rectangle’s attributes: length and width.

3. self Keyword:

o Think of self as the rectangle itself.

o When you create a rectangle, self.length and self.width store its unique

length and width.

4. calculate_area Method:

o This is a simple method that multiplies the rectangle’s length by its width to

find the area.

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5. Create Objects:

o rectangle1 = Rectangle(10, 5) creates a rectangle with a length of 10 and a

width of 5.

6. Call the Method:

o rectangle1.calculate_area() calculates the area of rectangle1 and returns the

result.

7. Print the Result:

o The print statement displays the rectangle’s area on the screen.

Why Is This Fun and Useful?

Now, why is Alex's story so interesting? Here are some cool things about it:

1. Reuse the Code: Once Alex made the Rectangle class, Alex could use it to create as

many rectangles as needed. For example:

Python

Alex didn’t need to write a new formula every time!

2. Organized and Clean: Instead of messy calculations everywhere, Alex's code was

neat and tidy, thanks to OOP.

3. Real-Life Applications: OOP is used everywhere! Think of video games where every

character (like Mario or Pikachu) is an object with attributes (e.g., health, speed) and

methods (e.g., jump, attack).

Theoretical Explanation of OOP Features

Here’s how the Rectangle example uses key OOP features:

1. Encapsulation:

o All rectangle-related data (length, width) and actions (calculate area) are

bundled together inside the Rectangle class.

2. Abstraction:

o Users of the Rectangle class don’t need to know how the area is calculated.

They just call calculate_area() and get the result!

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3. Inheritance:

o Although Alex didn’t use it here, inheritance allows you to create specialized

versions of classes. For example, a Square class could inherit from Rectangle

but ensure length == width.

4. Polymorphism:

o If Alex had multiple shapes (e.g., Circle, Triangle), polymorphism could allow

them to share a method name like calculate_area() but implement it

differently for each shape.

Why OOP Is a Game-Changer

OOP isn’t just for rectangles. It’s like building blocks for software. Here are some real-world

examples where OOP shines:

1. Banking Systems:

o Think of an object for every customer with attributes like account number

and balance, and methods like deposit or withdraw.

2. E-Commerce Websites:

o Products are objects with attributes like name and price, and methods like

add_to_cart().

3. Games:

o Every character, weapon, or obstacle can be an object with unique properties

and actions.

(b) What is the significance of inheritance? Explain.

Ans:(b). The Significance of Inheritance:

Imagine you are building a magical castle in a world full of wizards and witches. Each

magical family has special powers, and they pass these powers from one generation to the

next. Let’s say the Griffin family can fly, and the Spark family can create fire. Now, if a

member of the Griffin family marries someone from the Spark family, their children might

inherit both powers—flying and creating fire! Sounds cool, right? This magical passing down

of powers is very similar to a concept in computer programming called inheritance.

Let’s break this concept into a fun story to make it super simple and easy to remember!

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What is Inheritance?

In computer programming, especially in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), inheritance is

like passing down traits from one generation to the next. Think of it as a way to reuse the

magical powers (code) of your ancestors (parent classes) without having to recreate them.

In simpler terms:

• A parent class (also called a base class) has certain abilities (data and methods).

• A child class (also called a derived class) can take (inherit) these abilities and even

add its own unique powers.

Why Is Inheritance Important? (The Magic Behind It)

Imagine if every wizard in our story had to learn how to fly from scratch, even if their family

has been flying for generations. That would be exhausting, right? Inheritance saves us from

repeating the same work over and over again. Here’s how it works in the programming

world:

1. Code Reusability

• Instead of writing the same code multiple times, you can write it once in the parent

class and use it in all child classes.

• Example:

o In our magical world, if the parent class Wizard knows how to fly, all child

classes like YoungWizard or OldWizard automatically learn flying without

extra effort.

• Real-life programming: If you’re coding for an app, you can write general features

(like login systems) in a parent class, and all other parts of the app (child classes) can

use them.

2. Simplicity and Organization

• Inheritance makes your code neat and clean. Instead of writing one long, messy

spellbook (code), you divide your magical rules into parts.

• You keep general rules (shared by everyone) in the parent class and specific rules in

child classes.

• This is like giving every magical family their own spellbook and keeping the general

laws of magic in one big rulebook.

3. Easy to Update

• If the rules of flying change in our magical world, you only need to update them in

one place—the parent class. All child classes automatically follow the new rule.

• In programming, if you fix or improve a method in the parent class, the child classes

will also inherit the improvements automatically.

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4. Polymorphism (Sounds Fancy, but It’s Simple!)

• Think of polymorphism as giving the same spell different powers.

• For example, in our magical world, “fly” might mean hovering for one wizard and

soaring for another. Similarly, in programming, child classes can redefine or add their

unique twist to the parent class’s method.

How Does Inheritance Work in Programming?

Here’s a practical example using a magical theme:

1. Parent Class (Base Class)

Python

Now, a FireWizard inherits the flying ability from the parent class but adds its unique power

of creating fire.

3. Using the Inherited Powers

Python

See? The child class doesn’t need to write the fly() method again. It automatically inherits it

from the parent class.

Types of Inheritance (Different Magical Families)

Just like magical families have different ways of passing down powers, inheritance in

programming comes in different forms:

1. Single Inheritance

• One child inherits from one parent.

• Example: A FireWizard inherits only from the general Wizard.

2. Multiple Inheritance

• A child inherits from multiple parents.

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• Example: A FlyingFireWizard can inherit both flying from Wizard and fire-making

from FireMage.

3. Multilevel Inheritance

• Powers are passed down through generations.

• Example: Wizard → FireWizard → AdvancedFireWizard.

4. Hierarchical Inheritance

• Many children inherit from one parent.

• Example: Both FireWizard and WaterWizard inherit the ability to fly from Wizard.

5. Hybrid Inheritance

• A mix of multiple types of inheritance.

• Example: A child might inherit flying from Wizard and a unique power from another

class.

Real-Life Example: The Magical Bakery

Imagine you’re running a bakery. Here’s how inheritance helps:

1. Parent Class: Bakery

o It has general rules like making dough and baking.

2. Child Class: CakeShop

o Inherits the baking ability and adds its own power of decorating cakes.

3. Child Class: BreadShop

o Inherits the baking ability but specializes in making different types of bread.

Instead of writing the dough-making and baking code for each shop, you inherit it from the

Bakery class. Simple, right?

Advantages of Inheritance

1. Saves Time: Just like how you don’t have to rewrite spells, inheritance saves

programmers from writing the same code multiple times.

2. Easy to Maintain: If a magical rule changes, you update it once, and it applies

everywhere.

3. Enhances Creativity: You can add unique powers (features) to child classes without

disturbing the parent class.

4. Encourages Collaboration: Like wizards sharing spells, programmers can work

together more efficiently.

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Disadvantages of Inheritance

Even in the magical world, things can get tricky sometimes:

1. Complexity: If you have too many classes, understanding who inherited what can get

confusing.

2. Tight Coupling: Child classes depend heavily on parent classes. If you change

something in the parent, it might break the child class.

3. Not Always Needed: Sometimes, creating separate classes (instead of inheriting)

might be simpler.

Conclusion: The Magic of Inheritance

Inheritance is like a magical legacy in programming. It allows parent classes to pass down

their traits to child classes, making the code reusable, organized, and easy to manage.

Whether you’re a wizard creating spells or a programmer writing code, inheritance helps

you work smarter, not harder.

Just remember:

• Parent classes are the general magical rulebooks.

• Child classes add their unique spells.

• Together, they make the magical world (or your code) a much better place!

SECTION-D

7. Discuss the steps to make SQL database connection using Python with an example.

Ans: SQL Database Connection in Python:

Let’s imagine you’re hosting a dinner party, and your guests (Python program) need to

communicate with the kitchen (SQL database) to get food. But the guests can’t go directly

into the kitchen because the kitchen is busy working. Instead, you (the host) will act as a

middle person, creating a proper connection between the guests and the kitchen so

everyone is happy and full! This story explains how you can make a smooth SQL database

connection using Python.

The Dinner Party Story: Connecting Guests (Python) to the Kitchen (SQL Database)

Here are the steps to ensure a smooth connection between the Python guests and the SQL

kitchen:

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Step 1: Invite the Right People (Install the Necessary Package)

Before the guests arrive, you need to prepare. To communicate with SQL databases using

Python, you need the right tool or library. The most common library for this is mysql-

connector-python or sqlite3 (for SQLite). Let’s use MySQL in this example.

How to Install:

You need to "invite" the mysql-connector-python library by running:

It’s like buying the ingredients for your party. Without this library, Python won’t know how

to talk to the SQL kitchen.

Step 2: Set Up the Kitchen (Prepare Your Database)

The kitchen (SQL database) needs to be ready to cook. You must create a database where

the party guests (Python) can send their food orders (queries). For example, let’s prepare a

database called PartyDB.

Example SQL Code:

Here, we’ve created:

• A database named PartyDB.

• A table called Guests with columns for guest IDs, names, and their favorite dishes.

This table is like the kitchen menu where orders are tracked.

Step 3: Build the Connection (Connect Python to the Database)

Now comes the fun part—creating the connection between Python and the SQL database.

This connection allows Python to act as a "guest" who can make requests to the kitchen.

Code to Connect:

In Python, you’ll use the mysql.connector.connect() function to connect to the database.

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Here’s an example:

Python

Explanation:

• host: The address of your database server. If it’s on your computer, use "localhost".

• user: Your database username (e.g., root).

• password: The password for your database.

• database: The name of the database you want to connect to (e.g., PartyDB).

If the connection is successful, it means the guests (Python) have entered the house and can

now communicate with the kitchen (SQL database).

Step 4: Place Orders (Execute SQL Queries)

Now that Python is connected to the database, it’s time to send SQL queries. These queries

are like the food orders your guests give to the kitchen.

Example Query to Insert Data:

Let’s add a new guest to the party.

Python

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Explanation:

• cursor: Think of it as a waiter who takes the order (query) to the kitchen (database).

• execute: This function runs the query, like handing over the order to the chef.

• commit: This saves the changes made to the database permanently. Without this,

it’s like taking an order but forgetting to deliver the food!

Step 5: Check the Orders (Retrieve Data)

What if you want to check who’s already at the party? You can ask the kitchen to show you

all the guests.

Code to Fetch Data:

Python

Explanation:

• fetchall(): This retrieves all the rows from the database table.

• Loop: It prints each guest’s details (ID, name, and favorite dish).

Now, you can see the guest list!

Step 6: Clean Up (Close the Connection)

When the party is over, it’s important to clean up. Always close the connection to the

database when you’re done.

Code to Close Connection:

Python

This step ensures no resources are wasted and everything is tidy after your Python guests

leave.

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Putting It All Together: Full Code Example

Here’s the complete Python code for connecting to an SQL database, inserting data, fetching

it, and closing the connection:

Python

Why is This Important?

1. Simplicity: Python makes it easy to connect to SQL databases without complex

configurations.

2. Scalability: Once you learn this, you can use it to handle large databases.

3. Real-world Use: These steps are the foundation for creating web apps, data analysis

tools, and more.

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Key Takeaways from the Story:

• Think of Python as your guests and SQL as the kitchen.

• Use pip to install the necessary libraries.

• Set up a database and a table for storing data.

• Use Python’s mysql.connector library to connect, insert, fetch, and close.

Now, your guests (Python) can enjoy the party and communicate with the kitchen (SQL

database) without any trouble!

8. Explain the following concepts by taking suitable examples:

(a) Insert and update command

(b) Data modelling.

Ans: Imagine you are running a magic library where books (data) are organized into shelves

(tables). Sometimes, you need to add new books or update details of existing ones. Can you

explain how to do this magic with an Insert Spell and an Update Spell? Also, how do you

design this magic library so it’s super organized and easy to find any book? Let's call it Data

Modelling!

(Theoretical and Fun Explanation)

Part 1: Insert and Update Command (The Magic Spells)

Imagine you are the librarian of this magical library. Each shelf (table) has a label, and every

book (row) has its own magical details like Book ID, Title, Author, and Year Published.

The Insert Spell

This is the spell you use to add a brand-new book to a shelf. It’s like opening a portal and

placing a new book on the exact spot where it belongs.

• The Magic Words (SQL Syntax):

• Example in Our Magical Library: Let's say you just received a new book titled “The Art

of Magic” by Merlin, published in 2023. You want to add this book to the "Books"

shelf.

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Now, the magical library will place this new book on the shelf under its proper section,

based on the rules you defined.

The Update Spell

Sometimes, a magical book needs its details updated. Maybe the author wrote a revised

edition, or the title changed.

• The Magic Words (SQL Syntax):

• Example in Our Magical Library: Suppose the book titled “The Art of Magic” was

republished in 2024. You’ll use this spell to update its publishing year.

This spell will fly directly to the book with BookID 101 and update its YearPublished from

2023 to 2024.

How These Spells Work in the Real World

In databases, the Insert command adds new rows to a table, while the Update command

modifies existing rows based on a condition. These commands are essential for managing

dynamic data in systems like e-commerce platforms, banking databases, or even social

media apps.

For example:

• When you sign up for a social media account, the Insert command stores your profile

details.

• When you change your profile picture, the Update command modifies the relevant

data.

Part 2: Data Modelling (Designing the Magical Library)

Now, let’s talk about designing the magical library itself. This process is called Data

Modelling, and it ensures everything in the library is well-organized, easy to find, and

efficient to manage.

What is Data Modelling?

Data Modelling is like drawing a blueprint of your magical library before you start building it.

It defines:

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1. What shelves (tables) you’ll have.

2. What books (data) go on each shelf.

3. How the shelves are connected to each other.

It’s like designing a map for your library so both you (the librarian) and the visitors (users)

can easily find and manage books (data).

The Three Levels of Data Modelling

Think of these as stages of planning your magical library.

1. Conceptual Data Model (The Big Idea)

This is your grand vision. You decide what kind of shelves you need and what they’ll

contain.

o Example:

In the library, you might have shelves like:

▪ Books

▪ Authors

▪ Borrowers

▪ Borrowing Records

At this stage, you only decide what needs to exist, not the details.

2. Logical Data Model (The Detailed Plan)

Here, you add details about each shelf:

o What columns each table will have (like BookID, Title, Author, etc.).

o How the shelves are connected (relationships).

o Example:

▪ Each book has an AuthorID to link it to the Authors shelf.

▪ Each borrower has a unique BorrowerID.

3. Physical Data Model (Building the Library)

Now, you turn the blueprint into reality. You decide:

o How the shelves will be physically built (e.g., SQL tables).

o The data types (e.g., BookID as an integer, Title as text).

o Example:

▪ The Books table becomes:

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Why is Data Modelling Important?

Without a proper design, your magical library would be a mess. Imagine trying to find a

book when:

• Some books are missing their titles.

• Some shelves have duplicate books.

• You can’t figure out who borrowed a book because there’s no record.

Data Modelling ensures:

1. Data Integrity: No missing or inconsistent data.

2. Efficiency: Queries are faster, and storage is optimized.

3. Scalability: You can easily add more shelves or books as the library grows.

Example of Data Modelling in Action

Let’s design a simple system for the magical library.

1. Shelves (Tables):

o Books: Contains details about books.

o Authors: Contains details about authors.

o Borrowers: Contains details about people borrowing books.

o Borrowing Records: Tracks who borrowed which book and when.

2. Relationships:

o Each book is written by one author, so there’s a link between Books and

Authors.

o Each borrowing record links a Borrower to a specific Book.

3. Logical Model:

o Books table:

Columns: BookID, Title, AuthorID, YearPublished

o Authors table:

Columns: AuthorID, Name, Country

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o Borrowers table:

Columns: BorrowerID, Name, Contact

o Borrowing Records table:

Columns: RecordID, BorrowerID, BookID, BorrowDate, ReturnDate

Conclusion

Managing data is like running a magical library. The Insert and Update commands are your

spells for adding or modifying books on shelves. Data Modelling is the blueprint that ensures

your library is well-organized, efficient, and ready to handle magical growth. By using these

tools wisely, you can create a system that’s both powerful and easy to navigate, just like a

perfectly enchanted library!

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